In 1926, the midwife toad work done by Paul Kammerer was debunked in an article published by G. Kingsley Noble in Nature*. Kammerer was a Viennese biologist who alleged his researches supported the Lamarckian theory of inheritance. In 1918 that he claimed that in his experiments with midwife toads, he had induced nuptial pads that were subsequently hereditary. Noble was a curator herpetology at the American Museum of Natural History. Noble had examined a preserved specimen of Kammerer's midwife toad Noble found that the nuptial pad had been simulated with injected Indian ink. This set off an academic bombshell. Kammerer took his own life in 1926, but claimed that he was personally innocent .*Ref: Nature v. 118, p. 209-11. [Image left: male midwife toad with eggstring. Image right: true nuptial pads as found on a frog (source)]